Copper ore is a major mineral extracted for industrial use globally, with two primary forms requiring different processing techniques to obtain pure copper metal. Pakistan, especially in regions like Balochistan, has significant reserves of copper ore, including one of the largest undeveloped copper deposits in the world.

Saudi-origin lead ore is a high-grade mineral with a lead content of up to 69%, primarily consisting of galena (PbS), which can contain up to 86.6% lead by weight. Other less common lead ores include cerussite (PbCO3) and anglesite (PbSO4). The high purity of Saudi lead ore makes it valuable for various industrial applications, benefiting from lead’s properties such as malleability, corrosion resistance, and ease of extraction. These traits have made lead a critical material for thousands of years.